process

Arginine and Lysine Methylation

In order to methylate the arginine or lysine amino acids, the methyltransferases use S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The methyl transfer results in a methylated amino acid and the production of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) (Figure 287.2) [9, 10]. The methyl group is transferred to either or both guanidino nitrogen on arginine, resulting in one of three states: NG monomethylarginine (MMA), NGNG (asymmetric) dimethylarginine (ADMA), or NGNG (symmetric) dimethylarginine (SDMA) (Figure 287.1c). There are three classes of arginine methyltransferase that are conserved from yeast to human [18, 23, 24]. The type I enzymes (PRMT1, PRMT3, CRM1/PRMT4, PRMT6, and PRMT8) are responsible for both monomethylation (MMA) as well as asymmetric methylation (ADMA). The type II class of enzymes (PRMT5, PRMT7, and PRMT9/FBXO11) conducts monomethylation (MMA) and symmetric methylation (SDMA) (Figure 287.1c). PRMT7 is also classified as a type III arginine methyltransferase because of the ability to stop at monomethylation [18, 23, 24]. The arginine methyltransferases are known to methylate both histone and non-histone proteins. For example, CRM1/PRMT4 catalyzes the methylation of histone H3R2, R17, and R26. PRMT1 and 7 catalyze asymmetric and symmetric methylation of histone H4R3, respectively (Figure 287.1c). PRMT5 symmetrically methylates histone H3R8 and H4R3 [24, 25]. The methylation of H4R3 facilitates transcriptional activation, while the asymmetric methylation of H3R2 by CARM1 and PRMT6 results in decreased gene expression [26–31]. These examples demonstrate the unique roles that each of the modification events can have on the cell.

Ref:
Johnathan R. Whetstine, Chapter 287 - Histone Methylation: Chemically Inert but Chromatin Dynamic, Editor(s): Ralph A. Bradshaw, Edward A. Dennis, Handbook of Cell Signaling (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2010, Pages 2389-2397, ISBN 9780123741455, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374145-5.00287-4. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123741455002874)

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Added on Nov 21, 2022 by Barbara Van De Keer

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