process

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is a cytoplasmic pathway which breaks down glucose into two three-carbon compounds and generates energy. Glucose is trapped by phosphorylation, with the help of the enzyme hexokinase. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used in this reaction and the product, glucose-6-P, inhibits hexokinase. Glycolysis takes place in 10 steps, five of which are in the preparatory phase and five are in the pay-off phase. Phosphofructokinase is the rate-limiting enzyme. ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation by high-energy compounds, such as 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Glycolysis is used by all cells in the body for energy generation. The final product of glycolysis is pyruvate in aerobic settings and lactate in anaerobic conditions. Pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle for further energy production. ------------ Glycolysis metabolizes glucose and rapidly produces a small amount of ATP as well as acid, pyruvate, and NADH that can feed into the Krebs cycle. The overall reaction is Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O Metabolism of glycolysis end products in the Krebs cycle produces much larger amounts of ATP than glycolysis does. In the absence of oxygen, the Krebs cycle is not active and acid and pyruvate can quickly accumulate. Since the amount of ATP produced from glucose by glycolysis is quite small relative to oxidative phosphorylation, energy charge declines rapidly in most hypoxic cells even if large glucose stores are available.

Ref:
Asha Kumari, Chapter 1 - Glycolysis, Editor(s): Asha Kumari, Sweet Biochemistry, Academic Press, 2018, Pages 1-5, ISBN 9780128144534, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814453-4.00001-7. ---------- Thomas C. King, 1 - Cell Injury, Cellular Responses to Injury, and Cell Death, Editor(s): Thomas C. King, Elsevier's Integrated Pathology, Mosby, 2007, Pages 1-20, ISBN 9780323043281, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-04328-1.50007-3. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323043281500073)

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Added on Apr 7, 2022 by Barbara Van De Keer
Edited on Oct 15, 2022 by Barbara Van De Keer

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